Please see link: Berlin: City of Memorials

Berlin is a city of memorials. But this has not always been the case. The post-war years were characterized by heated national debates about how Germany should remember the horror of its past. And these debates continue to this day.

Successive German governments have been either reluctant to create memorials or uncertain about how best to do so – but individuals have led the way. Dr Klaus Mueller, the Representative for Europe at the US Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is keen to emphasise that most memorials have come about as the result of the efforts of a small number of people, who determinedly made the case for its need.

In Germany, the creation of a new memorial has the power to spark a nationwide discussion. These are personal and political questions. How has the country dealt with its responsibility for the murder of European Jews? Has it reckoned with the Nazis’ persecution of suppressed minority groups such as Roma and Sinti, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses or people with mental and physical disabilities? Post-reunification, what message did the German government want to send to the world about its attitude towards the country’s past? What do memorials mean for victims?

IranWire’s Maziar Bahari visited Berlin to meet with Mueller to make a series of short films as part of the Sardari Project. These films are published on IranWire and associated social media sites in English and Persian. Dr Mueller works as an international consultant for cultural institutions, advising museums, foundations and NGOs, and his research focuses on Holocaust documentation and education, antisemitism, and genocide prevention.

Bahari and Mueller spent several days visiting six different sites of memorial across Berlin to discuss how these memorials came into being and the significance they hold today and potentially for the future.

• FILMS:
• Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp Memorial and Museum
• Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
• Memorial to Homosexuals Persecuted Under Nazism
• Memorial to German Sinti and Roma Victims of National Socialism
• T4 Memorial for Victims of Nazi “Euthanasia” Program
• Stolpersteine (Stepping Stones)

A new documentary on queer history – ‘Eldorado: Everything the Nazis Hate’ – premiered on Netflix globally in June 2023. The film tells the story of the worldwide first LGBT community forming in 1920s Berlin, and of its destruction in Nazi Germany. In the Golden Twenties, the German capital became known for its spirit of a new sexual freedom. There was a sense of collective empowerment, of joyful experimentation with gender identity and expression, of ownership over one’s own life. One hub of the emerging gay, lesbian and trans* scene was the “Eldorado” in Berlin, attracting locals and visitors from abroad alike. For a moment in history, everything seemed possible for queer people. But was it?

As the film’s historical and dramaturgic adviser, I worked closely with director Benjamin Cantu on tracing and reconstructing the lives of individuals who lived through these years. How could we best tell their stories? Eldorado shares this journey into our beginnings. Looking back, it also leaves us with the question how secure queer lives are today, with the backlash we see in many countries.
‘Eldorado’ reached the Netflix Top 10 in eleven countries after its release.

See also this background article: Deep dive into new Netflix documentary

Hear Our Voices: Holocaust Survivors Share their Stories of Trauma and Hate is a bilingual online course that uses the voices of Holocaust survivors to educate students on the Holocaust and Antisemitism. The course is accessible online and consists of four modules: Oral History, Gender and Sexuality, Religion and Culture, and Antisemitism and Racism.

I was invited by the wonderful team developing HEAR OUR VOICES to reflect on the significance (and shortage) of LGBTQ+ testimony, including oral history and diaries, in Holocaust studies. It was such a pleasure to work with them and and I especially thank Dr. Deirdre Butler, Marie-Catherine Allard and Noë Bourdeau for this opportunity. The below interviews extend to multiple questions they raised: on how to conduct oral history interviews; the motives behind my work of interviewing gay and lesbian survivors and eventually turning this into the documentary film ‘Paragraph 175’; and the importance of further examining how people lived their lives who were persecuted under multiple identity categories by the Nazi regime, such as Jewish homosexuals. Sharing how I met Jewish LGBT resistance fighters Gad Beck and Frieda Belinfante and how my interviews with them changed me, we talked about missing and recovered voices. Having just finished an article that documents the last 30 years of my work with queer survivors, I gladly offered to publish this reflection within this frame: The Men With the Pink Triangle: voices lost, voices recovered (also HERE) Please find below a brief overview of my contributions.

The Evolution of Holocaust Testimony

Guest Lecture: Dr. Klaus Mueller is a historian and filmmaker who specializes in the history of the persecution of homosexuals under Nazi rule. He conducted pioneering research on and interviews with gay survivors of Nazi persecution. This section discusses the evolution of testimony collected on the experiences of Jewish survivors. Other groups that were persecuted by the Nazis also had to overcome cultural taboos, structural inequalities, and other factors that made it difficult to recount what they had lived through. In this short video, Klaus Mueller talks about the challenges in interviewing homosexual victims of Nazism, and what it took to collect their stories for the first time.

Listening to Survivors

Guest Lecture: In this lecture, Dr. Klaus Mueller shares his personal journey towards finding gay survivors and developing a relationship of trust with them that allowed them to share their story, often for the first time. Dr. Mueller talks about the necessity for deep listening, flexibility, and attention to survivors’ particular needs when interviewing homosexual survivors of the Holocaust. He explains how he learned from his interviewees how he had to listen to these stories.

Pre-War, Toward Nazi Persecution 

Guest Lecture: In this clip, Dr. Klaus Mueller invites us to ask, what is Paragraph 175? What do we know about the Nazi persecution of gay men during the Holocaust? And what was the stand of the Nazi regime towards lesbian women? This clip reminds us of the fragility of progress, of minorities within history that are often forgotten or subjugated, and provides us with context for the stories that will be presented in this lecture.

Case Study: Gad Beck 

Here we focus in on Gerhard “Gad” Beck, a survivor who testified extensively to his experience as a gay man and as a Jewish man during and after the war. Gad spoke explicitly about his dual experience when many did not, never denying his gay or Jewish identity. His testimony of going underground and creating a network of aid for other Jews using his identity as both a Jew and a gay man exemplifies an experience for which there is little documentation; this is because so many Jewish LGBTQ+ voices were silenced by Nazi persecution. Gad Beck sits at a unique intersection of identity and experience; through him we learn about the tension between being gay and Jewish under Nazi rule, being a mischlinge—Nazi terminology for someone who was partially Jewish—and how these multiple identities impacted him and those around him. Guest Lecture: In this clip, Dr. Klaus Mueller describes the importance of further examining how people lived their lives who were persecuted under multiple identity categories by the Nazi regime, such as Jewish homosexuals. Dr. Mueller presents Gad Beck as a crucial example of one of these voices.

Missing Voices

Guest Lecture: In this clip, Dr. Klaus Mueller describes the importance of research and its capacity to change reality and to recover history. This is contextualized by Dr. Mueller’s experience interviewing Frieda Belinfante, a Jewish lesbian resistance fighter whose story is included in this lecture. Frieda is an example of a missing voice recovered. To continue recovering the stories of those lost—the stories of gay men, lesbians, trans people, and Jewish LGBTQ+ people and others obscured by time and circumstance—Dr. Mueller turns to a new generation to continue to do the work of re-reading research, reading the documents of the perpetrators against the grain, and, even when we are left only with traces, employing our imaginations to save a story from oblivion and honor LGBT victims and survivors as the unique individuals they were. 

Includes as recommended reading: Klaus Mueller: The Men With the Pink Triangle: voices lost, voices recovered (also HERE)

Podcast Link: Klaus Mueller (USHMM) – Warum wir uns erinnern müssen
Als Europarepräsentant des United States Holocaust Memorial Museums (USHMM) Washington gehört die Notwendigkeit und die Vielfältigkeit des Erinnerns zum Arbeits-Alltag von Klaus Mueller. Insbesondere seine Arbeiten über die Verfolgung von Homosexuellen im Nationalsozialismus trugen maßgeblich dazu bei, dieses Kapitel der Geschichte einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. In der neuen Episode von KREUZ & QUER berichtet Klaus Mueller Moderator Fadl Speck unter anderem von seinen für ihn prägenden Gesprächen mit Holocaust Überlebenden und seiner Arbeit als Filmemacher zu Themen über Kriegs- und Fluchtschicksale. Klaus Mueller hat mehrere Bücher publiziert, ist Mitglied der US Statedepartment Delegation der IHRA (International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance) und hat das Salzburg Global LGBT Forum gegründet. Unterstützer: Der Podcast wird gefördert vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ).
Links aus der Episode:
USHMM Arbeit in Europe
USHMM Ausstellung Einige waren Nachbarn: Täterschaft, Mitläufertum und Widerstand
Brakel Eröffnungsdiskussion mit Schülern
USHMM and work with gay survivors
Gespräch zu Frieda Belinfante
Präsentation Sammlung Josef Kohout (Autor von Die Männer mit dem Rosa Winkel)
Artifact von Pierre Seel
Online Ausstellung Do You Remember When
USHMM 82 Names
IHRA Committee on the Holocaust, Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity

„KREUZ & QUER“
Mit „KREUZ & QUER“ gibt es politische Bildung jetzt auf die Ohren und der Name ist Programm: Die Kreuzberger Initiative gegen Antisemitismus (KIgA e.V.) taucht ein in die Podcast-Welt. Im Zwei-Wochen-Takt empfängt das Berliner Team Gäste und spricht mit ihnen über Themen, die weit über Kreuzberg und Berlin hinaus bewegen: Antisemitismus, gesellschaftliche Vielfalt, Rassismus und Engagement für unsere Demokratie.
Produktion: Kreuzberger Initiative gegen Antisemitismus – KIgA e.V.
Moderation: Fadl Speck; Redaktion: Joachim Seinfeld, Silke Azoulai
Recherche: Vivien Piayda, Murat Akan
Ton & Schnitt: Fritzton GmbH (www.fritzton.de)
Kreuzberger Initiative gegen Antisemitismus – KIgA e.V.
Web: www.kiga-berlin.org; www.stopantisemitismus.de
www.lchaim.berlin; www.anders-denken.info
Social Media:
Facebook: facebook.com/kiga.berlin
Instagram: instagram.com/kiga_ev/
Twitter: twitter.com/kiga_ev

Klaus Mueller, Founder and Chair of the Salzburg Global LGBT* Forum, is interviewed by journalist George Skafidas in a 50-minute online discussion for Forum EU. The topic of the conversation is “When Autocrats Weaponise Their Homophobia: Politics of Division vs LGBT Equality.” In the conversation, both refer to an opinion piece written by Klaus for Forum.eu, which you can read here.

The Salzburg Global LGBT* Forum advances the human rights of LGBT people and communities around the world. Founded in 2013, it has created a trusted 76-country network of LGBT and human rights leaders to facilitate open exchange and collaboration in highly diverse contexts, spanning government, law, diplomacy, religion, finance, media, and culture. For more information visit the Global LGBT* Forum.

Founded in 2013, The Salzburg Global LGBT* Forum advances the human rights of LGBT people and communities around the world. It has created a trusted 76-country network of LGBT and human rights leaders to facilitate open exchange and collaboration in highly-diverse contexts, spanning government, law, diplomacy, religion, finance, media and culture.
The Forum was formed to establish a truly global space to reflect upon and advance LGBT and human rights discussions around the world, as well as to form a network of international leaders from diverse fields – including human rights, legal, artistic, and religious backgrounds. Founded and chaired by Dr. Klaus Mueller, the Forum currently includes representatives from more than 76 countries on six continents.

OVERVIEW INTERVIEWS
2013: Now is the time to create a Global LGBT Forum
2015 on Family
2015 on cultivating global voices for global conversations
2016 on space for LGBT people in their family
2016 on first Forum in Asia, in Chiang Rai
2017 on the power of storytelling, family and home
2017 on growth of Salzburg Global LGBT Forum
2019 on second Forum gathering in Asia, in Kathmandu
Please see also interviews with LGBT human rights defenders on their lives and on FAMILY in a global world today.

* LGBT: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender. We are using this term as it is widely recognized in many parts of the world, but we would not wish it to be read as in any way exclusive of other cultures, groups or terms, either historical or contemporary.

82 Names: Syria, Please Don’t Forget Us is a documentary film that traces the journey of Mansour Omari, a survivor of torture and imprisonment in Syria. Omari, a Syrian human rights activist who was imprisoned for nine months and tortured by the Assad regime, smuggled out scraps of cloth recording the names of all 82 of his cellmates. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is exhibiting them to raise awareness of atrocities committed by the regime. This is Mansour’s story.

In chapter 7, during a visit to Germany, Mansour learns about the history of Holocaust memory in that country, where Nazi rule precipitated the murder of six million Jews and and other victims from 1933–1945. All of Germany’s memorials began with the efforts of individuals or small groups and encountered resistance, says Klaus Mueller, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s representative there. The first step, Mueller said, is remembering the victims—a process Mansour has started in Syria by saving some of their names.
See USHMM website on 82 Names: Syria, Please Don’t Forget Us

*Views expressed on my website are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

The Salzburg Global Holocaust Education and Genocide Prevention Initiative was a multi-year initiative that has been developed in cooperation with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Austrian Foreign Ministry to explore the links between Holocaust Education and Genocide Prevention. Dr. Klaus Mueller, Representative for Europe of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, served as its Chair since its foundation in 2010 to 2018.

Bringing together especially educators and policy makers from the Global South, we asked how to teach about the Holocaust in countries that were not directly affected by it. Do the lessons of this largely Europe-based event help us to understand contemporary instances of genocide or mass violence? And vice versa, how does our evolving understanding of contemporary genocide contribute to an evolving understanding of the Holocaust? Over the years, we organized five global symposia plus smaller meetings looking at contemporary approaches in Holocaust education and genocide prevention initiatives.

• REPORTS
  • 2010: The global prevention of genocide: Learning from the Holocaust
  • 2012: Learning from the Past: Global Perspectives on Holocaust Education
  • 2014: Holocaust Education and Genocide Prevention: Sharing Experiences Across Borders
  • 2016-2018 – Combating Extremism and Promoting Pluralism
• CONNECTED RESOURCES
  • IHRA interview with Klaus Mueller, June 22, 2024: IHRA resource empowers educators to reflect on Holocaust comparison
  • IHRA interview with Klaus Mueller, August 26, 2024: Empathy through education. Connecting younger and more global generations to Holocaust memory worldwide
  • IHRA Reflections on Terminology for Holocaust Comparison
• GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON HOLOCAUST EDUCATION: Trends, Patterns, and Practices, a publication of United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and Salzburg Global Seminar, 2013
  Kofi Annan: Foreword, Global Perspectives on Holocaust Education
  Klaus Mueller: Preface, Global Perspectives on Holocaust Education
  Introduction, Global Perspectives on Holocaust Education
  • • • • • *Views expressed on my website are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

Frieda Belinfante was born in Amsterdam in 1904. Her father Ary was Jewish, her mother Georgina was Christian. Trained as a musician, Frieda was one of the first female conductors. During the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, Frieda joined a Dutch resistance group. She forged identity documents for people hiding from the Nazis and their collaborators and helped to plan an attack on Amsterdam’s population registry. Klaus Mueller, the Holocaust Museum’s European Representative, interviewed Frieda when she was 90 years old, just 9 months before she passed away.

https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/curators-corner/the-frieda-belinfante-collection

See also: Frieda Belinfante, een dirigente in het verzet – Lecture on Frieda Belinfante, Amsterdam, May 4, 2019

Please see tribute to Lesbians and Gay men in the resistance during Pride Month 2021 in USHMM  Facebook Live Event called Pride Month: Defying Nazi Persecution.. Watch the conversation to learn about Frieda Belinfante, one of Europe’s first female conductors and a lesbian, and painter Willem Arondeus, the gay leader of this group of artists turned resisters. Being gay, their stories of courage were erased for many decades. A conversation between Edna Friedberg and Klaus Mueller

More videos on the Nazi persecution of homosexuals

*Views expressed on my website are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

„Der Staat hat eine Schutzpflicht“

Der Koalitionsvertrag bringt keine Gleichstellung: Der Historiker Klaus Müller über rechtliche Gleichheit für Lesben, Schwule, Bisexuelle, Trans*- und Intersexuelle.

In 1994, the Museum acquired the unique collection of Josef Kohout. More widely known as Heinz Heger, Kohout’s experiences are the subject of The Men with the Pink Triangle, the first published account of a gay survivor of the Nazi camps. Dr. Klaus Müller, the Museum’s Representative for Europe*, shares his story.

See the Kohout (Heger) collection on the USHMM website
More videos on the Nazi persecution of homosexuals

*Views expressed on my website are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

At the age of 17, Pierre Seel was arrested for homosexuality
and imprisoned in the Schirmeck-Vorbrück concentration camp. After his release, his family forbade him to talk about his experiences. But his mother, at the end of her life, revealed to him a small object–a Mickey Mouse doll surrounded by the garland from her wedding veil–that she had made while he was in the camp that showed Pierre how much his mother had missed him. Learn more about this special object, which Seel donated to the Museum, in this short video.

Learn about the Nazi persecution of homosexuals on USHMM website

More videos on the Nazi persecution of homosexuals

*Views expressed on my website are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

As young, gay, Jewish men living in Nazi Berlin, companions Manfred Lewin and Gad Beck faced much uncertainty. In 1941, Manfred made Gad a small, 17-page booklet, recording moments from their daily life and titled it, Do you remember, when. In this video, the Museum’s Representative for Europe* and curator of the online exhibition based on this artifact, Klaus Mueller, describes the story the book tells and recalls how the Museum came to acquire it.
Access the USHMM online exhibition on the diary
Learn about Nazi persecution of homosexuals on USHMM site
More videos on the Nazi persecution of homosexuals

*Views expressed on my website are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

PLEASE ACCESS ‘THE POWER OF TRUTH’ ON USHMM WEBSITE

*Views expressed on my website are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

Expert Sitings Foreign Policy

SEE INTERVIEWS WITH CURATORS ON EXHIBITION ANNE FRANK THE WRITER: AN UNFINISHED STORY, 2003

The writings that were preserved from Anne Frank’s life can be held in one hand. Yet, their reach throughout the world has been immeasurable. In these short videos from 2010, Dr. Klaus Mueller, co-curator of the Holocaust Museum’s 2003 exhibit, “Anne Frank, the Writer“, and its Representative for Europe, comments on how literary critics have tended to dismiss the quality of Anne’s writings, despite the considerable impact they’ve had on legions of people.

INTERVIEWS USHMM FACEBOOK PAGE: PART 1 PART 2 PART 3

For the 2003 exhibition Anne Frank, the Writer: An Unfinished Story, the Holocaust Museum – thanks to a generous loan from the Netherlands – was able to display the original notebooks and diaries of Anne Frank for the first time in one place. Anne’s writings had never before been shown outside the Netherlands. Now, her complete writings are being transferred from the Government of the Netherlands to the Anne Frank House, where they will be on display beginning April 28, 2010. Recently we filmed some short clips of Dr. Klaus Mueller, the Museum’s Representative for Europe and co-curator of the 2003 exhibition to share his thoughts about Anne’s writing, which we will share throughout this week. In this first clip, Dr. Mueller reflects that while many people lament the writer that Anne could have been had she survived the Holocaust, in so doing they overlook what she did accomplish.

NOTE CO-CURATOR KLAUS MUELLER*
A child’s voice. A brave little flower. The diary as an objet trouvé?

Anne’s writings, while praised as astonishing, rarely have been mentioned without the filter of her age. Anne began her diary on June 12, 1942, her 13th birthday. Her last entry was on August 1, 1944, nearly two months after her 15th birthday. Despite the book’s overwhelming success, its author was belittled as a child and extensive literary research of her work was lacking for a long time, with few exceptions.

The exhibition on ‘Anne Frank The Writer: An unfinished story’ that I developed in 2003 for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum together with its director Sara Bloomfield, departed from this long-held image. In my personal view, the focus on Anne as a young girl deprived her of her conscious authorship and claimed the text’s natural voice (that was so carefully crafted) as a mere outburst. Authorship in my view is not a compensation for a life she never had. Authorship is what she earned.

The exhibition was designed as a series of emotional spaces, an intimate and emotional journey. Its goal was to enable visitors to physically experience the original writings and to emphasize the writer Anne Frank through a material display of ‘her pen-children’. For the first time, the exhibition brought together most of Anne’s original writings in one space. Some of the items had never before been on public display outside the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam, or at all.

The exhibition showed some of the edited pages, her third diary notebook, her photo album, the Book of Nice Sentences and the Book of Stories. In order to accentuate their authenticity, only original artifacts were put on display. All photos were copies and presented as such. The Facsimile of Diary 1 was shown closed despite the visual attractiveness of the artifact’s inside. The texts guiding through the exhibition with few exceptions were selected from Anne’s diary and her other writings.

* All opinions expressed on this site are those of Klaus Mueller and do not represent the opinions of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council or United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

SELECTED REVIEWS
“Ms. Bloomfield and her co-curator, Klaus Müller, are presenting Frank in a way the public is not accustomed to seeing her — not merely as a victim who kept a vivid record while hidden in an Amsterdam attic, but as a young woman who was determined to train herself as a professional writer and who carefully edited her diaries for publication. /…/ “Anne used the format of the autobiography with invention and then rewrote and rewrote, six pages of her diary every day, while she was also reading, studying and creating new stories,” Mr. Müller said. “Authorship is not a compensation for a life she never had. Authorship is what she earned.”
In: MUSEUM GIVES ANNE FRANK HER SPACE. by Elizabeth Becker, New York Times, June 12, 2003

“It is, intentionally, not a tribute to her life story, but rather to her writerly life. The Anne we see is both extraordinarily empathetic, as readers of her diary know, but also focused and ambitious — preparing her diary for publication, writing of author’s rights and potential magazine submissions.”
In: ANNE FRANK: TORN PAGES FROM A WRITER’S LIFE. By Jennifer Frey, Washington Post, June 11, 2003

“Anne Frank, the writer An unfinished story verdedigt één stelling: Anne Frank was meer dan een joods meisje dat op haar dertiende verjaardag van haar vader een roodgeblokt dagboekje kreeg en dat bijhield tot haar vijftiende. Zij was meer dan een veelbelovend schrijfster, zij wás schrijfster. Het museum doet die propositie zonder een spoor van sentimentaliteit of geoefend medelijden. Originele handschriften die niet eerder samen te zien waren, zijn bijeengebracht.”
In: ANNE FRANK, SCHRIJFSTER. By Marc Chavannes, NRC Handelsblad, Jun 27, 2003

Hertum van, Aras: Museum rediscovering the ‘forgotten victims’ of Nazis. In: Washington Blade, No. 37, Vol. 23, 1992

Hart, Sara: “A Dark Past Revealed,” 10 Percent [San Francisco], vol. 1, no. 5 (Winter 1993): 37-39, 74.

Hertum van, Aras: Survivors of Nazi camps begin to tell their stories. In: Washington Blade, No. 18, Vol. 24, 1993.

Rios, Delia: Telling Story of Nazi persecution of gays. In: The Plain Dealer, May 15, 1993.

Rose, Rick: Museum of Pain. In: The Advocate, Issue 628, May 4, 1993.

Gekeler, Corinna: Aktives Vergessenlassen. In: Magnus, Nr. 5, 5, Jg., 1993.

Müller, Klaus: The Holocaust # Aids. In: The Advocate, Issue 628, May 4, 1993.

Müller, Klaus:: A difficult relationship. In: Washington Jewish Week, April 22, 1993.

Weinraub, Judith: “Trials of the Pink Triangle: Historian Klaus Müller, Documenting the Nazi Torment of Gays,” Washington Post (June 6, 1994): pp. D1, D4.

Dunlap, David W: “Personalizing Nazis’ Homosexual Victims,” New York Times (June 26, 1995): pp. A1, B4.

Linenthal, Edward T.: The Boundaries of Memory: The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. In: American Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 3. (Sep., 1994), pp. 406-433

Linenthal, Edward T.: Preserving Memory. The struggle to create America’s Holocaust Museum. New York, Viking Pinguin 1995.

Interview with Wolf Blitzer, CNN CORRESPONDENT, Gay Jewish survivor of Nazi Germany says he was never unlucky, May 5, 2000

*Views expressed on my website are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.