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DR KLAUS MUELLER

Interviews

Documentary on LGBT+ persecution with EUROVISION SONG CONTEST winner DUNCAN LAURENCE (Netherlands 2022)


Eurovision Song Contest winner Duncan Laurence works with Salzburg Global LGBT* Forum Founder and Chair Klaus Mueller to mark the Netherlands’ National Days of Remembrance and Liberation.

A Story Seldom Told: The Long Journey to Freedom for LGBT People

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Klaus Mueller and Duncan Laurence pay their respects to those who died at Sachsenhausen, a concentration camp just outside Berlin.

Each year on May 4, the Netherlands commemorates the victims of World War II on National Remembrance Day, and on May 5, celebrate their liberation, reflecting on the value of freedom, democracy, and human rights.

This year, singer-songwriter Duncan Laurence was appointed as the Netherlands’ national “Ambassador of Freedom.” Duncan won the 2019 Eurovision Song Contest for the Netherlands with his ballad “Arcade”, which grew into a worldwide hit with over 4 billion streams.
For Duncan, it was immediately clear that for this year’s National Remembrance and Liberation Days he wanted to highlight the LGBT* community. “I want attention to be paid to how these people fared in World War II. Unfortunately, it’s still more topical than ever.”

For the short documentary he was invited to make as part of the Ambassadorship, he turned to Founder and Chair of the Salzburg Global LGBT* Forum Klaus Mueller. Previously a film history lecturer at the University of Amsterdam, Klaus is a historian and filmmaker who portrayed Dutch and German gay and lesbian survivors in his films Paragraph 175 and But I was a girl.

Klaus invited Duncan to come to his native home and together they undertook an emotional journey from the hopeful beginnings of Berlin’s LGBT community—the first of its kind worldwide—to its destruction by Nazi Germany in concentration camps like Sachsenhausen on the city’s outskirts. Freedom and equality for LGBT people again remained out of reach for decades.
On their journey, Duncan learned from Klaus, who had interviewed survivors from Sachsenhausen, that it was all not as long ago as many like to think: Gay men—survivors of the Nazi camps—were still seen, and treated, as criminals and perverts by postwar German governments. The 1935 Nazi law that criminalized homosexuality was only revised in 1969 and was not finally repealed until 1994.

Klaus admires Duncan’s dedication: “Together, we remember and honor our forgotten LGBT ancestors who started the long journey to freedom. I am very moved by Duncan, both by his courage to undertake this difficult journey and his determination to use his enormous network to connect a young generation to a story seldom told.”
For Duncan, confronting the past indeed connects to messages from some of his queer followers about the dire situation they struggle with. “Sure, you know what happened, but it is really hitting home for me because it still happens. The fact that there are people who still are, even now, not accepted for who they are.”

* LGBT: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender. We are using this term as it is currently widely used in human rights conversations on sexual orientation and gender identity in many parts of the world, and we would wish it to be read as inclusive of other cultural concepts, contemporary or historical, to express sexuality and gender, intersex and gender non-conforming identities.

Interviews

DEFYING NAZI PERSECUTION: Frieda Belinfante, Willem Arondeus (USHMM Facebook 2021)

I am honored to pay tribute to Lesbians and Gay men in the resistance during Pride Month 2021 in a USHMM Facebook Live Event called Pride Month: Defying Nazi Persecution.
Watch the conversation to learn about Frieda Belinfante, one of Europe’s first female conductors and a lesbian, and painter Willem Arondeus, the gay leader of this group of artists turned resisters. Being gay, their stories of courage were erased for many decades. Pride Month: Defying Nazi Persecution

A conversation between Edna Friedberg and Klaus Mueller

Interviews

WARUM WIR UNS ERINNERN (Podcast KREUZ&QUER 2021)

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Podcast Link: Klaus Mueller (USHMM) – Warum wir uns erinnern müssen
Als Europarepräsentant des United States Holocaust Memorial Museums (USHMM) Washington gehört die Notwendigkeit und die Vielfältigkeit des Erinnerns zum Arbeits-Alltag von Klaus Mueller. Insbesondere seine Arbeiten über die Verfolgung von Homosexuellen im Nationalsozialismus trugen maßgeblich dazu bei, dieses Kapitel der Geschichte einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. In der neuen Episode von KREUZ & QUER berichtet Klaus Mueller Moderator Fadl Speck unter anderem von seinen für ihn prägenden Gesprächen mit Holocaust Überlebenden und seiner Arbeit als Filmemacher zu Themen über Kriegs- und Fluchtschicksale. Klaus Mueller hat mehrere Bücher publiziert, ist Mitglied der US Statedepartment Delegation der IHRA (International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance) und hat das Salzburg Global LGBT Forum gegründet. Unterstützer: Der Podcast wird gefördert vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ).
Links aus der Episode:
USHMM Arbeit in Europe
USHMM Ausstellung Einige waren Nachbarn: Täterschaft, Mitläufertum und Widerstand
Brakel Eröffnungsdiskussion mit Schülern
USHMM and work with gay survivors
Gespräch zu Frieda Belinfante
Präsentation Sammlung Josef Kohout (Autor von Die Männer mit dem Rosa Winkel)
Artifact von Pierre Seel
Online Ausstellung Do You Remember When
USHMM 82 Names
IHRA Committee on the Holocaust, Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity

„KREUZ & QUER“
Mit „KREUZ & QUER“ gibt es politische Bildung jetzt auf die Ohren und der Name ist Programm: Die Kreuzberger Initiative gegen Antisemitismus (KIgA e.V.) taucht ein in die Podcast-Welt. Im Zwei-Wochen-Takt empfängt das Berliner Team Gäste und spricht mit ihnen über Themen, die weit über Kreuzberg und Berlin hinaus bewegen: Antisemitismus, gesellschaftliche Vielfalt, Rassismus und Engagement für unsere Demokratie.
Produktion: Kreuzberger Initiative gegen Antisemitismus – KIgA e.V.
Moderation: Fadl Speck; Redaktion: Joachim Seinfeld, Silke Azoulai
Recherche: Vivien Piayda, Murat Akan
Ton & Schnitt: Fritzton GmbH (www.fritzton.de)
Kreuzberger Initiative gegen Antisemitismus – KIgA e.V.
Web: www.kiga-berlin.orgwww.stopantisemitismus.de
www.lchaim.berlinwww.anders-denken.info
Social Media:
Facebook: facebook.com/kiga.berlin
Instagram: instagram.com/kiga_ev/
Twitter: twitter.com/kiga_ev

Interviews

WHEN AUTOCRATS WEAPONIZE their HOMOPHOBIA 2021

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Klaus Mueller, Founder and Chair of the Salzburg Global LGBT* Forum, is interviewed by journalist George Skafidas in a 50-minute online discussion for Forum EU. The topic of the conversation is “When Autocrats Weaponise Their Homophobia: Politics of Division vs LGBT Equality.” In the conversation, both refer to an opinion piece written by Klaus for Forum.eu, which you can read here.

The Salzburg Global LGBT* Forum advances the human rights of LGBT people and communities around the world. Founded in 2013, it has created a trusted 76-country network of LGBT and human rights leaders to facilitate open exchange and collaboration in highly diverse contexts, spanning government, law, diplomacy, religion, finance, media, and culture. For more information visit the Global LGBT* Forum.

Interviews

on Salzburg GLOBAL LGBT FORUM (2013-20)


Founded in 2013, The Salzburg Global LGBT* Forum advances the human rights of LGBT people and communities around the world. It has created a trusted 72-country network of LGBT and human rights leaders to facilitate open exchange and collaboration in highly-diverse contexts, spanning government, law, diplomacy, religion, finance, media and culture.
The Forum was formed to establish a truly global space to reflect upon and advance LGBT and human rights discussions around the world, as well as to form a network of international leaders from diverse fields – including human rights, legal, artistic, and religious backgrounds. Founded and chaired by Dr. Klaus Mueller, the Forum currently includes representatives from more than 72 countries on six continents.

OVERVIEW INTERVIEWS
2013: Now is the time to create a Global LGBT Forum
2015 on Family
2015 on cultivating global voices for global conversations
2016 on space for LGBT people in their family
2016 on first Forum in Asia, in Chiang Rai
2017 on the power of storytelling, family and home
2017 on growth of Salzburg Global LGBT Forum
2019 on second Forum gathering in Asia, in Kathmandu
Please see also interviews with LGBT human rights defenders on their lives and on FAMILY in a global world today.

* LGBT: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender. We are using this term as it is widely recognized in many parts of the world, but we would not wish it to be read as in any way exclusive of other cultures, groups or terms, either historical or contemporary.

Interviews

FAMILY IS…? A global conversation (Film 2017)

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“None of us come from families that were prepared for us.” Klaus Mueller, Founder and Chair, Salzburg Global LGBT Forum

Family is a fundamental human condition. It is also a fundamental human right. Since its foundation in 2013, Salzburg Global LGBT Forum has focused on the realities and experiences of families and their LGBT children, and especially the consequences of exclusion and discrimination. In 2015, with the support by the German Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women & Youth, the Forum launched a three-year video project called “Family is…?”. We interviewed our Forum members – a network of leaders coming from 70 countries – about their families of birth, their families of choice and the families they raise. This film portrays the complexities of our lives and hopes to support a global conversation on inclusive families.
SEE also: World Bank and Salzburg Global LGBT Forum Call for Inclusion and Equality for Families and Their LGBTI Children and Salzburg Global LGBT Forum Helps Commemorate IDAHOT 2018

Director: Klaus Mueller; Camera: Eduardo Gellner; Watsamon “June” Tri-yasakda; Sound: Kathrin Kerschbaumer; Ong Trakarnrungroj. Produced by Salzburg Global (2017)

Interviews

WORLD BANK & LGBT FORUM meet FOR 2018 IDAHOT

Klaus-Mueller---IDAHOT 2018
Left to right: Marie-Anne Valfort, OECD; Miltos Pavlou, EU Fundamental Rights Agency; Dragana Todorovic, LGBTI Equal Rights Association for Western Balkans and Turkey; Klaus Mueller, Salzburg Global LGBT Forum; Eleni Tsetsekou, Council of Europe; and Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez, World Bank

The Salzburg Global LGBT Forum helped mark this year’s International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia, and Biphobia (IDAHOT) by helping to highlight the need for alliances. On May 17, Klaus Mueller, founder and chair of the LGBT Forum, spoke at an event organized by the World Bank and the Austrian Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs.
Mueller took part in a panel discussion featuring speakers from the Council of Europe, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, and ERA – LGBTI Equal Rights Association.
This year’s IDAHOT theme is “Alliances for Solidarity.” Mueller and speakers, who convened at the World Bank’s Vienna office, helped convey the importance of alliances for the LGBT* community. In particular, Mueller emphasized the necessity of global alliances, such as the Forum, and its outreach to governments and transnational institutions.
Speakers also addressed the need for more data on the economic costs of excluding LGBT* people. The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights announced plans to launch a second EU-wide survey on the discrimination of LGBT* people, which will also take into account bullying that takes place in schools.
Speaking after the event, Mueller said, “The Salzburg Global LGBT Forum deeply believes in making these connections, in extending our network and creating new lines of communication and cooperation. In the context of the continuing globalization of the LGBT* human rights movement, positive advances of and backlashes against LGBT* rights are now interconnected at a previously unseen scale. While equal rights for LGBT* people increasingly are understood as fundamental human rights, we also witness a rise of homo – and transphobia as a marker of cultural identity, national sovereignty or religious purity.
“In 78 states, governments legitimize and sponsor violence against LGBT* people and communities The challenges confronting the LGBT* and human rights movements are no longer only national or regional, but are influenced by a multitude of factors at the global level.”
Mueller thanked the World Bank and the Austrian Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs – both partners of the LGBT Forum – for inviting him to take part in the discussion. He paid tribute to the World Bank’s Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity team, led by its global advisor – and Salzburg Global Fellow – Clifton Cortez. Mueller also expressed his gratitude to Ambassador Gerhard Doujak, head of the Human Rights and Minority Issues Department at the the Austrian Federal Ministry.

This event marked the second year the LGBT Forum held a joint IDAHOT commemoration with the World Bank. In celebration of IDAHOT 2017, the LGBT Forum and the World Bank joined forces to call for inclusion and equality for families and their LGBT* children around the world.

Last year’s IDAHOT theme was LGBT families. This theme was partly inspired after Tamara Adrian, chair of the IDAHOT Committee, participated in the Forum and its three-year video project called “Family is…?” Adrian was one of several Forum members to speak about their families of birth, their families of choice and the families they raise. This project was supported by the German Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth. Adrian has attended every session of the LGBT Forum and was in Salzburg last year to celebrate IDAHOT.
For more information about this year’s International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia, and Biphobia, please click here.

*LGBT: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender. The Salzburg Global LGBT Forum uses this term as it is currently widely used in human rights conversations on sexual orientation and gender identity in many parts of the world, but we would not wish it to be read as exclusive of other cultural concepts, contemporary or historical, to express sexuality and gender, intersex and gender-nonconforming identities.

Interviews

LGBT RIGHTS DEFENDERS on THEIR LIVES (2013-19)

LIFE STORIES – SHARING EXPERTISE AND EXPERIENCE

The Salzburg Global LGBT Forum collects and disseminates life stories that portray the rich realities of our lives today and share our diverse professional expertise. It is the sharing of stories and expertise rather than mere facts and figures that helps to galvanize our supporters and challenge our opponents.

As outlined in our 2013 Statement, we emphasize the value of exchange and storytelling as major tools of expressing of who we are and want to become. Increasingly, LGBT lives are portrayed in popular culture, often through the lens of heroism or victimhood to reach larger audiences. Still, in many countries, enforced silence and government-sponsored discrimination reject LGBT people as part of the human family. As the world becomes a global village, voices are amplified, including those that export homo-and transphobia.

In the short interviews below, members of the Global LGBT Forum share their expert knowledge and insights. The Global LGBT Forum will continue to cooperate with and magnify the work of writers, filmmakers and photographers as well as of community activists, legal experts, government representatives, and academics who reflect upon, portray and shape the complexities of our lives.

VIDEO PLAYLIST

Interviews

WORLD BANK & LGBT FORUM call FOR INCLUSION, 2017

Partners mark the International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia and Transphobia (IDAHOT), highlighting families and their LGBT* children around the world.

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LGBT Forum participants shared the message of “Family is Love” with the World Bank in celebration of IDAHOT, June 22, 2017Being part of family is a fundamental human condition as well as a human right. All of us long to feel at home with the families of our birth, in the families of our choosing, and in the families we raise. Equally, we all have the right to live safely within the cultures and countries in which we are raised.  But being truly “at home” remains out of reach for many LGBT* people around the world. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people routinely face discrimination and exclusion from their families, cultures or even home countries. In celebration of the International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia and Transphobia (IDAHOT), the World Bank and the Salzburg Global LGBT* Forum joined forces to call for inclusion and equality for families and their LGBT* children around the world.The Salzburg Global LGBT* Forum, formed in collaboration with its Founder and Chair Dr. Klaus Mueller and the Salzburg Global Seminar, was established in 2013 to advance equal rights for LGBT* people around the world. The Forum currently includes members from more than 70 countries, facilitating an open dialogue on critical issues facing the LGBT* community worldwide.
For three years, the Forum has led the project “Family is…?” and for its fifth anniversary in 2017, Forum founder and chair Mueller unveiled the short film Family is…? –  A Global Conversation to coincide with this year’s IDAHOT theme of “Family”. The film weaves together personal testimonies from Forum members from more than 25 countries, that are also, in full, shown on the Forum’s website.During the Forum, via video, Clifton Cortez, Salzburg Global Fellow and the World Bank’s Global Adviser for Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI), and Ulrich Zachau, World Bank Country Director for Southeast Asia, shared insights into the World Bank’s research on economic inclusion of LGBTI groups.
“Family is what virtually all of us care about first and foremost. In our families, we love, we support, we depend on each other. Straight couples and families do, LGBTI couples and families do,” said Zachau. “But, in Thailand, and in so many countries around the world, too many LGBTI people still face the lack of support, even in their own family. They face discrimination and they face exclusion sometimes.”
World Bank research comparing the life experiences of 2,302 LGBTI people and those of 1,200 non-LGBTI people in Thailand, found widespread exclusion and discrimination among LGBTI individuals.“We found exclusion and discrimination at school, at work, when going to the bank, when getting credit – in many aspects in life. That exclusion is a big problem for the people who are concerned; for the gay, lesbian, bi, trans people,” Zachau explained. “And it’s a problem for society, because society loses the contributions of LGBTI people. And when LGBTI people face such challenges where do they turn? They turn to their families and their friends first and foremost.”
The video message from the World Bank’s IDAHOT celebration in Thailand for the 5th meeting of the Salzburg Global LGBT* Forum united both behind IDAHOT’s message of family inclusion and reflects ongoing conversation between Cortez and Mueller on a closer cooperation on strengthening LGBT* equality through education and economic inclusion.

The World Bank’s Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) team has a long-standing relationship with the Salzburg Global LGBT Forum.  In addition to Cortez, who attended in both 2015 and 2016, several other members have participated in the Forum, including social development researchers Dominik Koehler (2017), Phil Crehan (2015), and Marko Karadzic (2013). Kristalina Georgieva, CEO of the World Bank, also shares a deep relationship with Salzburg Global Seminar, crediting her participation in 1990 with changing her career trajectory, from a researcher in Bulgaria going on to work with the World Bank and previous to that with the European Commission, where she was Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Air and Crisis Response.
To celebrate these growing closer connections, and in the spirit of IDAHOT, LGBT* Forum participants shared the message of “Family is Love” with the World Bank, in support of its efforts to support greater inclusion of LGBT* people around the world.

*LGBT: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender. The Salzburg Global LGBT Forum uses this term as it is currently widely used in human rights conversations on sexual orientation and gender identity in many parts of the world, but we would not wish it to be read as exclusive of other cultural concepts, contemporary or historical, to express sexuality and gender, intersex and gender-nonconforming identities.
A version of this article appeared on the Salzburg Global Seminar.

Interviews

FEELING AT HOME (Finnish Institute Berlin 2017)

Finnish Institute in Berlin invites Klaus Mueller, founder and chair of Salzburg Global LGBT Forum, to speak on the role of “home” for the LGBT community and the artwork of “Tom of Finland”
This year sees Finland celebrate the 100th anniversary of its independence. For the occasion, Finnish Institutes in Berlin, Paris, London and the Benelux are hosting a wide range of events under the title #MobileHome2017. The activities involve different disciplines such as architecture, gastronomy and arts through which the notions of home and homeland are explored.
The Finnland Institut in Berlin, together with Homotopia and the Salzburg Global LGBT Forum, are contributing to the program with a discussion on how the LGBTIQ community relates to these ideas.

Feeling at homeThe discussion, “Feeling at home: in the body, the family and the society” will be held in English on March 2 at 6pm at the Finnland Institut in the German capital. Panelists Finnish actor Pekka Strang, journalist Susanna Luoto, Professor Anu Koivunen, and the founder and chair of Salzburg Global LGBT Forum, Dr Klaus Muller will be moderated by Laura Hirvi of the Finnland Institut. The panelists will discuss lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersexual individuals’ understanding of home and homeland and link these impressions to reflect on their relationships within their bodies, families, and society.

DIscussion Feeling at home

The talk will revolve around Touko Laaksonen’s work. The Finnish artist is world-renowned for his erotic paintings that helped break certain stereotypes related to homosexuality. The artwork of “Tom of Finland,” as he is popularly known, depicts strong and muscular men, often dressed in uniforms, in situations of intimacy. His drawings helped to reflect on the social perception of masculinity and sexual orientation.

The debate will touch on how Laaksonen and his paintings were impacted by Finland, the artist’s place of birth. The artist was born and raised in a very conservative and religious environment strongly influenced by the Second World War. Attendees will be invited to think about the effect that these factors could have had on his personality and work.
The Salzburg Global LGBT Forum explores this discussion in its upcoming session, Home: Safety, Wellness, and Belonging. Also focused on the topic of home, this year participants will scrutinize the specific challenges that the LGBT community face when trying to develop a sense of belonging. The lack of support, legislative discrimination, migration and exile are just some of the obstacles that will be considered during the five-day program.
Tom of Finland’s drawings will be exhibited in Salon Dahlmann in Berlin until May 6, 2017.

Interviews

with GLOBAL LGBT LEADERS on FAMILY (2015-17)

“FAMILY IS…?” – Interviews with global LGBT human rights defenders on FAMILY

The relevance of inclusive family definitions is a lead theme for the Salzburg Global LGBT Forum since its foundation in 2013. During its session in Berlin 2014, the topic brought the Forum together with the German Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women & Youth.

In 2015, as part of an on-going three year collaboration with the Ministry, we launched a video series called “Family is…?” where members of Salzburg Global LGBT Forum shared their concept of what family means to them. In 2016, we continued to conduct interviews at the Forum held in Thailand. This session was run in partnership with UNDP’s “Being LGBTI in Asia” program.

For most people, family is a crucial part of their lives, of their identities. This project and work-in-progress portrays the complexities of our lives, including those of our families by birth and choice. During both Forums, Fellows were asked to offer some thoughts on their own personal ideas and definitions about family.

  • VIDEO PLAYLIST on FAMILY IS…? 

“None of us come from families that were prepared for us, and so-called ‘traditional family values’ advocate hierarchies of exclusion and hate.”
Klaus Mueller, Founder & Chair, Salzburg Global LGBT Forum

“For most people, family is a crucial part of their lives, of their identities. It is a very serious matter of discrimination if we define family as a closed unit.”
Ralf Kleindiek, State Secretary, German Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth

Interviews

CURATOR discusses handmade book donated by GAY SURVIVOR GAD BECK (USHMM 2011)


As young, gay, Jewish men living in Nazi Berlin, companions Manfred Lewin and Gad Beck faced much uncertainty. In 1941, Manfred made Gad a small, 17-page booklet, recording moments from their daily life and titled it, Do you remember, when. In this video, the Museum’s Representative for Europe* and curator of the online exhibition based on this artifact, Klaus Mueller, describes the story the book tells and recalls how the Museum came to acquire it.
Access the USHMM online exhibition on the diary
Learn about Nazi persecution of homosexuals on USHMM site
More videos on the Nazi persecution of homosexuals

*Views expressed on my website are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

Interviews

CURATOR discusses artifact donated by GAY SURVIVOR PIERRE SEEL (USHMM 2011)

At the age of 17, Pierre Seel was arrested for homosexuality
and imprisoned in the Schirmeck-Vorbrück concentration camp. After his release, his family forbade him to talk about his experiences. But his mother, at the end of her life, revealed to him a small object–a Mickey Mouse doll surrounded by the garland from her wedding veil–that she had made while he was in the camp that showed Pierre how much his mother had missed him. Learn more about this special object, which Seel donated to the Museum, in this short video.

Learn about the Nazi persecution of homosexuals on USHMM website

More videos on the Nazi persecution of homosexuals

*Views expressed on my website are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

Interviews

Interviewing FRIEDA BELINFANTE (USHMM 2011)

Frieda Belinfante was born in Amsterdam in 1904. Her father Ary was Jewish, her mother Georgina was Christian. Trained as a musician, Frieda was one of the first female conductors. During the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, Frieda joined a Dutch resistance group. She forged identity documents for people hiding from the Nazis and their collaborators and helped to plan an attack on Amsterdam’s population registry. Klaus Mueller, the Holocaust Museum’s European Representative, interviewed Frieda when she was 90 years old, just 9 months before she passed away.

https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/curators-corner/the-frieda-belinfante-collection

See also: Frieda Belinfante, een dirigente in het verzet – Lecture on Frieda Belinfante, Amsterdam, May 4, 2019

Deyfying Nazi Persecution, USHMMPlease see tribute to Lesbians and Gay men in the resistance during Pride Month 2021 in USHMM  Facebook Live Event called Pride Month: Defying Nazi Persecution.. Watch the conversation to learn about Frieda Belinfante, one of Europe’s first female conductors and a lesbian, and painter Willem Arondeus, the gay leader of this group of artists turned resisters. Being gay, their stories of courage were erased for many decades. A conversation between Edna Friedberg and Klaus Mueller

More videos on the Nazi persecution of homosexuals

*Views expressed on my website are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

Interviews

Documenting the Nazi persecution of gay men: THE JOSEF KOHOUT/WILHELM KROEPFL COLLECTION (USHMM 2011)

In 1994, the Museum acquired the unique collection of Josef Kohout. More widely known as Heinz Heger, Kohout’s experiences are the subject of The Men with the Pink Triangle, the first published account of a gay survivor of the Nazi camps. Dr. Klaus Müller, the Museum’s Representative for Europe*, shares his story.

See the Kohout (Heger) collection on the USHMM website
More videos on the Nazi persecution of homosexuals

*Views expressed on my website are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

Interviews

INTERVIEWS ON GAY PERSECUTION IN NAZI GERMANY

Washington Post, New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Advocate, Washington Blade, CNN a.o.1992-2000

Hertum van, Aras: Museum rediscovering the ‘forgotten victims’ of Nazis. In: Washington Blade, No. 37, Vol. 23, 1992

Hart, Sara: “A Dark Past Revealed,” 10 Percent [San Francisco], vol. 1, no. 5 (Winter 1993): 37-39, 74.

Hertum van, Aras: Survivors of Nazi camps begin to tell their stories. In: Washington Blade, No. 18, Vol. 24, 1993.

Rios, Delia: Telling Story of Nazi persecution of gays. In: The Plain Dealer, May 15, 1993.

Rose, Rick: Museum of Pain. In: The Advocate, Issue 628, May 4, 1993.

Gekeler, Corinna: Aktives Vergessenlassen. In: Magnus, Nr. 5, 5, Jg., 1993.

Müller, Klaus: The Holocaust # Aids. In: The Advocate, Issue 628, May 4, 1993.

Müller, Klaus:: A difficult relationship. In: Washington Jewish Week, April 22, 1993.

Weinraub, Judith: “Trials of the Pink Triangle: Historian Klaus Müller, Documenting the Nazi Torment of Gays,” Washington Post (June 6, 1994): pp. D1, D4.

LOS ANGELES TIMES INTERVIEW: Klaus Muller: Documenting Gay Life Under Nazis for Holocaust Museum and History, December 4, 1994 by Michael Bronski

Dunlap, David W: “Personalizing Nazis’ Homosexual Victims,” New York Times (June 26, 1995): pp. A1, B4.

Linenthal, Edward T.: The Boundaries of Memory: The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. In: American Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 3. (Sep., 1994), pp. 406-433

Linenthal, Edward T.: Preserving Memory. The struggle to create America’s Holocaust Museum. New York, Viking Pinguin 1995.

Interview with Wolf Blitzer, CNN CORRESPONDENT, Gay Jewish survivor of Nazi Germany says he was never unlucky, May 5, 2000

*Views expressed on my website are my own and do not necessarily represent those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.

Interviews

INTERVIEWS with GAY AND LESBIAN SURVIVORS (USHMM; Paragraph 175; Shoah Foundation; 1994-2015)

SEE INTERVIEWS WITH GAY SURVIVORS ON USHMM WEBSITE:
Oral history video interview with Frieda Belinfante, 1994 May 31.
Oral history video interview with Teofil Kosinski, 1995 Nov. 8.
Oral history video interview with Gad Beck, 1996 Feb. 16.
Oral history audio interview with Rolf Hirschberg, 1996 Oct. 14.
Oral history video interview with Tiemon Hoffman, 1996 Jan. 2
SEE INTERVIEWS WITH SURVIVORS AT SHOAH FOUNDATION
Interview with Teofil Kosinski, Nov 14, 1995
SEE ADDITIONAL INTERVIEWS WITH GAY SURVIVORS: PARAGRAPH 175
INTERVIEW PIERRE SEEL AND GAD BECK, BERLIN INT. COLLOQUIUM, 2000
INTERVIEW WOLFGANG LAUINGER, NEUE SYNAGOGE BERLIN 2015
More videos on the Nazi persecution of homosexuals

Interviews

JÜRGEN LEMKE. Ganz normal anders?

In: De Groene Amsterdammer, Amsterdam 1991

In het jaar vóór de ‘Wende’ was een van de opmerkelijkste succes­sen in de boekwinkels van de tanende “Arbeiter- und Bauern Staat” een simpele bundel interviews met homoseksuelen. Veertien mannen vertelden over het roze leven in de grijze Duitse Demokratische Republiek. ‘Ganz normal anders’ luidt de titel, die auteur Jürgen Lemke het boek gaf. Zelfs de enorme oplage van 100.000 exemplaren kon de gretigheid van het publiek na verschijning ervan niet bedwin­gen; met alleen al 130.000 bestel­lingen gaf het te verstaan heel wat te willen inhalen. Veertig jaar zwijgen, onder andere. Lemke begrijpt de run op zijn boek nog steeds niet. Op hetzelfde moment dat de SED haar mannen het laatste gevecht voor behoud van de republiek instuurde, zorgde de door Lemke gedramatiseerde versie van ‘Ganz normal anders’ uitgerekend in Erich Honeckers ‘Palast der Republik’ voor uit­verkochte zalen. Een voorproefje op de teloorgang van de socia­listische, zeg maar preutse gezinsmor­aal. In zijn kersverse vaderland is Lemke nu op zoek naar zijn verleden dat keurig in een Stasi-dossier moet zijn samengevat. Een gesprek over de moraal voor en achter de muur.

Het leven bevalt hem wel, in het nieuwe vaderland. Geen geklaag over de ex-Heimat, geen gezeur over het bestaan als ‘Gesamtdeutscher’. Jürgen Lemke geniet van zijn nieuwe leven. “Ik blijf zolang ik leef toch maar een ‘Ossie’ – een Oostduitser -, dat raak je niet kwijt. Maar de eenheid doet mij wel goed, het is een flinke trap tegen je achterste. Wij hebben toch zó weinig meegemaakt, en nu moet alles opeens zoveel sneller, waardoor het leven wat vaart en tempo krijgt. Opeens ben je zelf verantwoordelijk voor wat je doet.” De rol van een DDR-opposant kende volgens Lemke lange tijd een vaste choreografie, geschreven door de staatspartij: “Je wist toch hoe het ging, het was een toestand van verlamming.” Qua uiterlijk is Lemke duidelijk herkenbaar als kind van de tweede duitse staat. Nieuwsgierig en geamuseerd leert hij de regels van het leven in het westen kennen, waar hij sinds het succes van ‘Ganz normal anders’ als V.I.P. benaderd wordt.

GESPREKKEN UIT EEN ANDERE TIJDPERK

Lemkes boek had een aanlooptijd van bijna 10 jaar nodig. Toen hij in 1979 begon vrienden of onbekenden te interviewen was er geen enkele gedachte aan een latere publicatie. Het motief? “Ik weet het niet, ik had gewoon het gevoel dat ik iets moest doen, iets moest vasthouden van het leven hier”, zegt Lemke nu. Zijn grote voorbeeld waren Maxi Wander’s gesprekken met DDR-vrouwen, een jaar eerder onder de titel ‘Guten Morgen, Du Schöne’ gepubliceerd. Deze rechtstreekse documentaire uit het alledaagse, vrouwelijke leven in de mannenstaat was een groot succes geweest: ‘Stukjes realiteit’ waren een vreemde verschijning geworden in de openbare discussie die zich altijd al snel aan de ‘juiste lijn’ moest aanpassen. Lemkes gesprekpartners, zo herinnert hij zich, waren vooral verbaasd over zijn belangstelling – dat zij iets zouden vertellen over hun leven, terwijl het er vaak genoeg juist om draaide alles te verzwijgen.

De veertien gesprekken, een keuze uit meer dan dertig, stemmen dan ook niet vrolijk en lijken uit een totaal ander tijdperk te komen. Uit de gesprekken blijkt dat ondanks de zeer vroege opheffing van de Oostduitse §175 (waarin homoseksuele contacten strafbaar werden gesteld) het imago van de ‘verkeerde liefde’ in de DDR zo laag stond dat haar aanhangers tot ver in de jaren zeventig ondergronds bleven. In de jonge socialistische samenleving vierden een benauwende burgerlijke moraal en zedelijkheid hoogtij.

Een voorbeeld uit het boek over het toezicht dat door vele instanties op het ‘juiste’ politieke en/of morele gedrag werd uitgeoefend. Ieder woonkompleks had een beheerder, die de bewoners in de gaten moest houden. Erich, geboren in 1900 verteld: “Begin jaren vijftig ben ik in deze woning ingetrokken. Voordat ik hier binnenkwam, ging de beheerder van het gebouw van huis naar huis, vooral waar jonge mannen woonden, en vertelde het iedereen: ‘Eerste achterhuis, tweede etage rechts, daar trekt volgende maand ‘zo iemand’ in. Opgepast dus.'”

Volgens Erich een maatregel met onverwachte effecten: “Een betere reclame had hij voor mij niet kunnen maken. Het duurde maar twee weken, en er werd voor de eerste keer – heel schuchter – aan de deur geklopt.”  Maar vergeleken met zijn ervaringen onder het fascisme hield leven als homoseksueel in de DDR tenminste geen levensgevaar meer in, resumeert Erich nuchter. Hijzelf werd op 5 juli 1935 opgepakt. Als drager van een roze driehoek bracht hij de volgende tien jaren in concentratiekampen door: Lichtenburg, Esterwegen, Sachsenhausen, Flossenbürg. Erich’s levensverhaal is echter niet al te geliefd tijdens officiële gelegenheden ter herdenking van koncentratiekamp-slachtoffers, vertelt hij in het boek.

In de verhalen spelen verklikkerij, denunciatie en zelfsencuur een belangrijke rol. Joseph, geboren 1944, breekt uiteindelijk zijn opleiding als arts af: een homoseksuele doktor, zo vond hij zelf, dat kan toch eigenlijk niet. De interviews laten zien dat homoseksualiteit door de communistische common sense vanzelfsprekend als een in wezen kapitalistische gevoelstoestand geanalyseerd werd. In het collectief – of dat nu een politieke organisatie als de ‘Vrije duitse jeugd’ of het buurtcollectief was – was voor homos geen plaats gereserveerd. ‘Niet opvallen dus’ was de begrijpelijke reactie daarop van de meeste geïnterviewden.

NIEUWE OPENHEID?

Pas laat in de jaren tachtig veranderde het officiele zwijgen. Lemkes boek sluit aan bij de korte, maar heftige bloei van het thema homo-erotiek in de Oostduitse literatuur. Zin­nelijkheid was in de DDR nooit de sterkste kant geweest van de literaire verbeelding, seksualiteit kwam alleen in de biologische leer- en handboeken ter sprake. Variatie op de westduitse permissive society drukte zich vooral uit in het hoge aantal echtscheidingen. Thomas Böhmes gedichtenbundel ‘Die schamlose Vergeudung des Dunkels’ (1985) en Ulrich Berkes literair dagboek over zijn passie voor Lautréamont én zijn vriendje ‘Eine schlimme Liebe’ (1987) lieten een nieuwe openheid in de literatuur zien. En daarmee natuurlijk ook in de SED-cultuurpolitiek. Al eerder had de schrijfster Waltraut Lewin en passant een verhaal over een stormachtige liefdesgeschiedenis tussen twee vrouwen geschreven (‘Dich hat Amor gewiß’, 1983) en was tot haar uiterste verrassing in no time tot fel begeerde spreekster in het dan nog ondergrondse culturele potteuse- en flikkercircuit gepromoveerd.

Niet alleen in de literatuur mocht vanaf 1985 opeens opener over de ‘onnatuurlijke liefde’ gepraat worden. De SED ontdekte de homoseksueel op dat moment als socialistisch medemens en begon diens onderdrukking als onverenigbaar met een socialistische maatschappij te beschouwen. In het Westen werd deze openheid in kringen van homoseksuelen met verrassing ter kennis genomen, maar Lemke bekommentariëert het veeleer als hulpeloze reactie in de bedoeling de schade zoveel mogelijk te beperken: “De SED reageerde alleen nog op maat­schappelijke processen, vooral op de pressie van kerkelijke groepen. Onder de bescherming van de protestantse kerk hadden zich in 1982 de eerste homoseksuele groepen geformeerd. Toen werd er nogal heftig op gereageerd. Eddie Stapel, een van de leidende krachten achter de eerste homogroep in Leipzig, kreeg meteen een algemeen reisverbod, ook voor het ‘bevriende socialistische buitenland’. Je moest wel moed hebben om open over je homoseksualiteit te zijn, maar als je dat had kon je de dreiging wel aan. Dat geldt trouwens voor alle ‘afwijkingen’, of je nu geëngageerd was in vredesgroepen of er andere dan de geldende opvattingen over schilderkunst op nahield,” zegt Lemke lakoniek. Voor de nieuwduitse beschuldigingen aan het adres van ‘het systeem’ voelt hij weinig animo. “Wij waren allen daders en slachtoffers”, zegt hij: “Ik ook.”

STASI

De kerkelijke groepen werden door de Stasi goed in de gaten gehouden, tot en met schending van het biechtgeheim. Geen verrassing dus, dat de Stasi zich ook voor ‘Sonntagsclubs’ en anderssoortige bijeenkomsten van homoseksuelen begon te interesseren. “In de tachtiger jaren deden meer en meer homoseksuelen een aanvraag voor een uitreisvisum naar het westen met het argument, dat ze als homoseksueel in de DDR geen toekomst hadden. Velen hadden ook een geliefde in het Westen, vooral in Berlijn werkte de muur als afrodisiacum. De SED zette haar lastige tegenstanders, vergezeld van een groot aantal homoseksuelen, in de laatste jaren voor de omwenteling vaak gewoon over de grens. Een ‘Coming out’ in de aanvraag kon dus misschien de procedure voor een uitreisvisum versnellen. ” Lemke zelf werd een keer of tien door de Stasi als potentiële informant benaderd, maar rekent dat meer tot de alledaagse ervaringen in de DDR. Zeven van de tien burgers – zo schat hij -werden tenminste één keer op vergelijkbare wijze door de Stasi aangesproken. “Als flikker of pot was je natuurlijk altijd interessant voor de Stasi,” vertelt Lemke verder: “Je zou immers gemakkelijker te chanteren zijn, oude mythe, je weet wel.”

Sinds de omwenteling zit Jürgen Lemke in het Berlijnse ‘Bürgercomitee zur Auflösung der Stasi’, waar hij zich met het Stasi-hoofdgebouw in de Normannenstraße bezig houdt. De duitse vereniging zal wel een streep onder het verwerken van het nieuwduits verleden zetten, vreest hij. “Wat de vroegere minister van binnenlandse zaken, Diestel, wist te verhinderen, vindt nu na de vereniging zijn beslag, onder de nieuwe duitse vlag. Opeens is er weer een hiërarchie in het ‘Bürgercomitee’, met chefs uit het Westen die zich hetzelfde gedragen als de vroegere Stasi‑officieren. Volgens mij zijn die allen uit Beieren geimporteerd.” Bij de verdeling van de taken van het comitee meldde hij zich -nog niet op de hoogte van de nieuwe politieke lijn – vrijwillig voor het onderzoek naar Stasi-aktiviteiten tegenover homoseksuelen. “Toen viel er een ijzige stilte. Niemand zei meer iets. Men vond het een pijnlijk thema. Vooral de christendemokraten uit het westen vonden dit geen thema, en de vroegere Oost-CDU heeft ook al lang een ommezwaai achter zich. Stel je voor, in het oude partij-programma van vóór de Duitse vereniging hadden ze het nog over emancipatie van homoseksuelen. Kohls CDU ging er éen keer met de rode pen door.”

Inmiddels kent Lemke zijn nieuwe vaderland wat beter. De happy‑homo-stijl, zoals hij de westerse verworvenheden lachend noemt, zal ook voor de meerderheid van de ex-DDR-homo’s verslavend werken. Zijn eerste tocht door de mythen van het westerse flikkerleven was natuurlijk ook voor hem een belevenis, maar de glans is toch al enigzins verbleekt. “Het is gemakkelijker om iemand zijn broek open te doen dan een gesprek te beginnen.”

Zijn toekomst blijft vooreerst toch zijn verleden. Al maanden is hij op zoek naar zijn Stasi-dossier en hoopt het binnenkort, ondanks alle belemmeringen, in handen te hebben. Natuurlijk weet hij niet wat erin staat maar hij hoopt toch op een keurige samenvatting van wat hem al die jaren heeft beziggehouden – alleen dan vanuit de perspectief van de geheime dienst. Uit zijn werk bij het ‘Bürgerkomitee’ weet hij dat de Stasi in het algemeen vrij grondig gewerkt heeft. In de akte van een vriend van Lemke werd zelfs diens veertigste verjaardagsfeestje beter gedocumenteerd dan Lemke, die er zelf ook bij was, het had kunnen doen. Van alle feestgangers waren mooie foto’s genomen en in het dossier was geen gespreksonderwerp onvermeld gebleven. Lemke’s zoektocht heeft ook literaire redenen. Hij wil het dossier met zijn dagboek uit dezelfde tijd verbinden en zo de finale versie van zijn leven schrijven. Ook dit weer heel normaal, maar toch een tikje anders.

BIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCE ARTICLE: Klaus Mueller: Jürgen Lemke. Ganz normal anders? In: De Groene Amsterdammer, 1991